Neonatal brain MRI Atlas: Current and future

Neonatal brain atlases provide essential spatial references for studying early brain development and supporting atlas-based neuroimaging analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the methodological evolution of neonatal brain template construction, which can be broadly categorized into five stages: static atlas generation, iterative groupwise averaging, spatiotemporal atlas modeling, probabilistic and multimodal integration, and deep learning-based data-driven approaches. This evolution reflects a shift in atlas construction strategies-from early linear registration frameworks to population-level nonlinear optimization, dynamic temporal trajectory modeling, and ultimately end-to-end neural network architectures. We discuss how these methodological developments address the rapid physiological changes of the neonatal brain and the challenges associated with MR image acquisition. In addition to reviewing atlas construction strategies, this work also examines commonly used atlas evaluation frameworks and highlights persistent challenges, including anatomical heterogeneity, data scarcity, and limitations in imaging hardware. Finally, future directions are discussed, emphasizing personalized atlas frameworks, generative modeling approaches, and unified benchmarking systems to support more reliable developmental assessment and broader clinical applications of neonatal brain atlases.