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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

59
Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
22
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

15
Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
15
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

199
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
199
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

21
A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
21

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Suspected encephalitis in adults.

Abdusshakur Muhammad Auwal1,2,3, Rachael Matthews4,2,3, Callum Cook4,5

  • 1Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK a.auwal@liverpool.ac.uk.

Practical Neurology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain, requires prompt diagnosis and treatment for better outcomes. This review covers infectious and autoimmune encephalitis, emphasizing clinical recognition and management strategies.

Keywords:
CLINICAL NEUROLOGYINFECTIOUS DISEASESPSYCHIATRY

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Encephalitis is a common cause of acute confusion in hospitalized patients, often leading to neurology referrals.
  • Timely treatment is crucial for improving patient outcomes in both infectious and autoimmune encephalitis.
  • Diagnosing encephalitis is challenging due to under-recognition and overlapping symptoms with other conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss clinical phenotypes of infectious and autoimmune encephalitis.
  • To outline a systematic approach for investigating encephalitis.
  • To review current treatment strategies and emerging research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical syndromes associated with encephalitis.
  • Systematic approach to etiological investigation.
  • Discussion of up-to-date treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Clinical phenotypes guide etiological investigation and treatment.
  • Simultaneous consideration of infectious and autoimmune causes is recommended.
  • Metagenomics and therapeutic trials are areas of ongoing research.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition of clinical syndromes is key for effective encephalitis management.
  • A systematic diagnostic and treatment approach is essential.
  • Continued research in areas like metagenomics holds promise for future advancements.