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Pacing profiles and slowdown patterns in ultra-triathlon performance.

Srđan Marković¹, Ivan Cuk², Sasa Duric³

¹Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Management, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia.

Scientific Reports

|April 29, 2026

Summary

Ultra-triathletes managed fatigue with distinct pacing strategies. Faster swimmers showed fewer slowdowns, while faster cyclists and runners maintained a steady pace with occasional significant slowdowns, not continuous slower pacing.

Keywords:

IRONMAN Pacing strategy Running variability Triathlon performance Ultra-endurance

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Human Physiology
Endurance Sports

Background:

Pacing is crucial for ultra-endurance events like triathlons.
Previous research focused on cycling and running in IRONMAN and daily ultra-triathlons.
No study has analyzed pacing across all three disciplines in extreme ultra-triathlons.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine pacing strategies in the Double Deca Iron ultra-triathlon.
To assess the influence of pacing variability on performance.
To determine if faster performance correlates with specific slowdown patterns.

Main Methods:

Analysis of split and lap times from official finishers of the 2023 Swissultra Double Deca Iron.
Data collected for 9 men and 4 women.
Variables included mean speed, speed variability, and magnitude/frequency of slowdowns.

Main Results:

Athletes exhibited negative pacing in swimming and even/positive pacing in cycling and running.
Running variability did not correlate with running speed.
Faster swimmers had fewer relative slowdowns; faster cyclists and runners showed fewer moderate but more pronounced slowdowns.

Conclusions:

Higher performers in ultra-triathlons maintain a steady, fast baseline pace with occasional substantial slowdowns.
This contrasts with a continuously slower, more variable pace.
Slowdown patterns may indicate strategic rest but are not confirmed as such from timing data alone.