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JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning

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Higher-order interactions enhance the latitudinal tree diversity gradient.

Yuanzhi Li¹, Junli Xiao¹, Yuan Jiang¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.

|April 29, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Higher-order interactions (HOIs) in forests benefit rare species, promoting diversity. Their strength declines with latitude, explaining the global tree diversity gradient and clarifying the role of conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD).

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Biogeography
Forest Ecology

Background:

Global species diversity decreases from low to high latitudes, a robust biogeographic pattern.
The role of conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) in the latitudinal diversity gradient for trees is debated.
Higher-order interactions (HOIs) may significantly influence pairwise interactions and community diversity, but empirical evidence is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the interplay between pairwise interactions and HOIs in forest communities.
To determine the contribution of HOIs to the latitudinal tree diversity gradient.
To clarify the role of CNDD in this biogeographic pattern.

Main Methods:

Examined pairwise interactions and HOIs across 32 large permanent forest plots, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere.
Assessed HOIs for tree growth and survival across numerous species-plot combinations.
Quantified the latitudinal variation in the strength of HOIs.

Main Results:

Detected HOIs in 40% of species-plot combinations for tree growth and 23% for tree survival.
The strength of HOIs declined significantly with increasing latitude.
HOIs benefited rare species and disadvantaged common species, a stabilizing effect that weakened towards higher latitudes.

Conclusions:

HOIs play a crucial role in promoting species diversity by favoring rare species.
The latitudinal decline in HOI strength contributes to the observed latitudinal tree diversity gradient.
Findings elucidate the complex interplay of interactions driving global biodiversity patterns and CNDD's contribution.