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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Updated: May 1, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Molecular Biomarker Testing for Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
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Current and future immunotherapies for NSCLC.

Chu-Yu Zhou1, Yi-Fan Qi1, Hong-Ji Li1

  • 1Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Lung Cancer, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Journal of Hematology & Oncology
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details the evolution of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) immunotherapy, from advanced to early stages. It covers challenges, biomarkers, and future strategies like bispecific antibodies and mRNA vaccines to improve survival.

Keywords:
Antibody-drug conjugatesBiomarkersBispecific antibodiesCancer vaccinesCell therapiesImmune checkpoint inhibitorsNon-small cell lung cancerOncolytic viruses

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 have revolutionized NSCLC treatment.
  • The expansion of immunotherapy into early-stage NSCLC represents a significant paradigm shift.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive narrative review of the evolution of NSCLC immunotherapy.
  • To examine current challenges in immunotherapy, including resistance mechanisms and biomarker development.
  • To explore next-generation immunotherapeutic strategies for NSCLC.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review synthesizing current literature on NSCLC immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of clinical challenges, genomic alterations (e.g., KRAS, STK11, KEAP1), and biomarker evolution.
  • Exploration of emerging therapeutic modalities and future directions.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy has evolved from advanced-stage treatments to neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and perioperative strategies in early-stage NSCLC.
  • Key challenges include optimizing treatment duration, managing brain metastases, immune-related adverse events, and overcoming resistance.
  • The biomarker landscape is expanding beyond PD-L1 to include ctDNA, microbiome, and TCR clonality.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements in NSCLC immunotherapy have been achieved, particularly with the integration into early-stage disease.
  • Refining biomarker-driven patient selection and optimizing combination therapies are crucial for improving long-term survival.
  • Next-generation strategies hold promise for further enhancing treatment efficacy and overcoming resistance mechanisms in NSCLC.