Preventive strategies in neuroimmunology

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Immunology
• Neurology

Background:

• Neuroimmunological diseases involve complex interactions between genetics, environment, and immune responses.
• Modifiable lifestyle factors play a role in disease risk and progression.
• While immunotherapy is central, lifestyle interventions are gaining importance in prevention and management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review current evidence on lifestyle interventions in neuroimmunology.
• To cover primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention strategies.
• To assess the role of physical activity, nutrition, substance use, sleep, stress, rehabilitation, and digital health.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of existing literature.
• Analysis of evidence across different prevention levels.
• Synthesis of findings on various lifestyle factors and digital health.

Main Results:

• Physical activity shows immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects, improving symptoms and quality of life.
• Smoking is a confirmed risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) development and progression; alcohol's role is unclear.
• Nutrition (obesity, vitamin D) may influence MS risk, but specific diets lack strong evidence.
• Sleep disturbances and stress can affect immune regulation and symptom burden.
• Rehabilitation and digital health tools (tele-exercise, VR) support self-management.

Conclusions:

• Lifestyle and behavioral interventions are valuable supportive tools in neuroimmunology.
• These strategies can enhance overall health and disease management.
• Further high-quality interventional studies are needed to define their optimal role alongside immunotherapy.