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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

2.7K
Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

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Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
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Boosting Cobalt Porphyrin for Selective Nitrate Electroreduction.

Bulin Chen1, Jie Zao1, Yirong Tang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Quantum Functional Materials, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed a novel composite electrocatalyst for sustainable ammonia synthesis from nitrate reduction. The catalyst achieves near 100% Faradaic efficiency, significantly boosting ammonia yield.

Keywords:
ammonia electrosynthesiscobalt tetraphenylporphyrinelectrocatalysisnitrate electroreductionpoly(benzodifurandione)

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to ammonia (NH3) is a sustainable synthesis route.
  • Metal porphyrins show promise as electrocatalysts but require performance enhancement strategies.
  • Hydroxide (OH-) interference and active hydrogen supply are key challenges in NO3- reduction reactions (NO3RR).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient composite electrocatalyst for electrochemical NH3 synthesis.
  • To mitigate hydroxide interference and optimize active hydrogen supply for NO3RR.
  • To provide mechanistic insights into enhancing molecular electrocatalyst activity.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a composite electrocatalyst using cobalt tetraphenylporphyrin (CoTPP) and poly(benzodifurandione) (PBFDO) on carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
  • Electrochemical characterization under neutral conditions to suppress OH- adsorption.
  • Evaluation of NH3 yield rate and Faradaic efficiencies (FEs).

Main Results:

  • CoTPP demonstrated strong NO3- adsorption and was used under neutral conditions.
  • The CoTPP+CNT+PBFDO composite catalyst achieved near 100% NH3 FEs over a wide potential range.
  • A fivefold increase in NH3 yield rate (5.3 mg h-1 cm-2) was observed with PBFDO compared to its absence.

Conclusions:

  • The composite electrocatalyst effectively suppresses OH- interference and optimizes hydrogen supply for efficient NO3RR.
  • This strategy significantly enhances the performance of molecular electrocatalysts for NH3 synthesis.
  • The findings offer valuable mechanistic understanding for advancing sustainable NH3 production.