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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
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CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation
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Context-Dependent Temporal Changes in Hypnotics Involved in Suicide Attempts.

Taro Sasaki1, Norio Sugawara1, Motoharu Furukawa2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.

Neuropsychopharmacology Reports
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prescribing shifts towards non-GABAergic hypnotics like dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are reflected in suicide attempts. Benzodiazepine (BZ) use declined in overdose cases, while DORAs increased across all attempt types.

Keywords:
benzodiazepinesorexin receptor antagonistsself‐poisoningsuicide attempttemporal trend

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Prescribing trends are shifting from benzodiazepines (BZs) to non-GABAergic hypnotics such as dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and melatonin receptor agonists (MRAs).
  • Understanding changes in hypnotic involvement in suicide attempts is crucial for public health and clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine temporal changes in the types of hypnotics involved in suicide attempts.
  • To investigate whether these changes differ based on the context of the suicide attempt (e.g., overdose-related).

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in Japan (April 2020-March 2025).
  • Hypnotics involved in 1111 suicide attempts were identified from collected medication packaging.
  • Annual trends of BZs and non-GABAergic hypnotics (OMs: DORAs and MRAs) were analyzed using Cochran-Armitage trend tests.

Main Results:

  • Overall involvement of OMs in suicide attempts significantly increased over time.
  • Benzodiazepine involvement significantly declined only in overdose-related attempts.
  • The increase in OM involvement was primarily driven by DORAs, showing a significant upward trend in overdose-related and all suicide attempts.

Conclusions:

  • Hypnotics involved in suicide attempts have changed in a context-dependent manner.
  • The rise of DORAs is a key factor in the increasing use of non-GABAergic hypnotics in self-poisoning.
  • Evolving hypnotic availability may influence the patterns of medications used in suicide attempts.