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Updated: May 1, 2026

Novel Process for 3D Printing Decellularized Matrices
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Standalone methacrylated extracellular matrix for digital light processing bioprinting: a practical workflow.

Hod Bruck1, Shachar Sofer1, Aharon Lion1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
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Researchers developed a practical digital light printing method for decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) soft tissues. This technique preserves ECM features and shows potential for cell interaction in regenerative medicine applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Bioprinting Technologies

Background:

  • Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) offers tissue-specific cues but its application in advanced fabrication like digital light processing (DLP) is limited.
  • Existing extrusion-based bioprinting methods can induce shear stress, potentially damaging delicate ECM structures.
  • Soft tissue dECM requires specialized processing for high-fidelity 3D printing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a practical digital light printing (DLP) workflow for methacrylated decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from porcine uterus.
  • To evaluate the fidelity, structural integrity, and biological compatibility of DLP-printed dECM constructs.
  • To demonstrate the potential of this workflow for fabricating acellular scaffolds with preserved ECM characteristics.
Keywords:
acellular printed constructsdigital light processing (DLP)lithiumphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP)methacrylated decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM-MA)tartrazineuterine extracellular matrix modelvat photopolymerization (VPP)

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Main Methods:

  • Production of a standalone methacrylated dECM (dECM-MA) formulation using porcine uterine dECM.
  • Optimization of a DLP printing recipe utilizing lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) photoinitiator and tartrazine dye.
  • Characterization using histology, biochemistry, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), and 3D printing of millimeter-scale geometries at 50-µm layer height.

Main Results:

  • Successful decellularization of uterine tissue with substantial collagen and partial sGAG retention confirmed.
  • DLP printing yielded reproducibly defined acellular constructs with high dimensional fidelity and controlled swelling.
  • HR-SEM analysis showed printed dECM-MA possessed similar porosity and pore size distribution to native dECM, indicating preserved diffusion and cell penetration capacity.
  • In vitro studies demonstrated human uterine stromal fibroblast attachment and early cell-matrix interaction on printed constructs.

Conclusions:

  • A practical 405-nm digital light printing workflow for standalone methacrylated dECM has been established, using uterine ECM as a model.
  • The workflow enables stereolithographic fabrication of acellular constructs with preserved ECM structural features.
  • The printed dECM constructs demonstrate compatibility with early cell attachment and histological processing, paving the way for regenerative medicine applications.