Harnessing Metal-Halide Layered Perovskite Structures for Next-Generation Lighting Sources

Advances in nanoscale semiconductor materials are enabling next-generation optoelectronic technologies with unprecedented efficiency, spectral control, and device miniaturization. Achieving this potential, however, requires the development of so-called Triple E materials, that is, systems that are environmentally friendly, economically inexpensive, and energetically efficient. Meeting these three criteria simultaneously remains a significant challenge. Metal-halide perovskites have emerged as remarkable semiconductors due to their strong optical absorption, high carrier mobility, long diffusion lengths, defect tolerance, and widely tunable bandgaps. Despite these outstanding properties, their limited ambient and operational stability continues to constrain their large-scale preparation and integration into robust devices. Our research has focused on metal-halide layered perovskites, including Pb-free Sn-based analogues, as promising platforms to address these limitations. In these materials, alternating organic and inorganic layers form natural quantum wells that provide intrinsic electronic and dielectric confinement. This well-defined layered architecture enables tunable, broadband light emission from a single material component, without the need for multiple emissive layers. By avoiding complex multilayer architectures, device fabrication is simplified while interfacial defects, self-absorption effects, and differential degradation pathways are reduced. Moreover, the incorporation of bulky organic cations further enhances environmental stability by increasing hydrophobicity and protecting the inorganic framework from moisture. Beyond structural protection, organic cations play an active role in defining the optoelectronic response. Their size, functionality, and conformation influence octahedral distortions, interlayer spacing, and exciton binding energies. Importantly, we have also shown that interactions between organic cations and solvents during synthesis can influence molecular conformation and octahedral connectivity, thereby directly modulating emission properties and charge transport. This solvent-cation interplay represents a largely unexplored avenue for structural and photophysical tuning. In this Account, we expand upon these advances with a focus on Ruddlesden-Popper organic-inorganic layered perovskites and related structures as efficient and reconfigurable light emitters. We summarize synthetic and design strategies that exploit organic cation engineering and metal substitution to tailor emission across the visible spectrum while addressing toxicity concerns through partial or complete replacement of Pb. The inherent structural versatility of layered perovskites also allows their integration into flexible substrates, reversibly modulating their emission through postsynthetic treatments or mechanical stimuli, broadening their functional scope toward strain-controlled emission. Looking forward, the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI), automated synthesis, and high-throughput characterization offers a transformative route to navigate the vast compositional and structural chemical space of organic-inorganic layered perovskites. By coupling data-driven discovery with mechanistic insight, it becomes possible to accelerate the identification of advanced, stable, efficient, and application-specific structures. Such an integrated approach will be essential to translating layered perovskites from promising laboratory materials to technologically viable platforms that fulfill the Triple E paradigm and enable the next generation of sustainable optoelectronic devices.