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Can exercise truly alleviate mild-to-moderate and subthreshold depression? Evidence from randomized controlled

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Exercise significantly improves non-severe depression symptoms. Aerobic and mind-body exercises show the most promise, offering effective, stable relief for depression management.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Mental Health
  • Exercise Science
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Non-severe depression (mild-to-moderate and subthreshold) affects a significant population.
  • Pharmacological treatments have limitations and side effects.
  • Non-pharmacological interventions, such as exercise, are increasingly explored for depression management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate and compare the efficacy of different exercise modalities for non-severe depression.
  • To identify which types of exercise provide the greatest symptom alleviation.
  • To assess the therapeutic stability and heterogeneity associated with various exercise interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched major databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, PsycINFO) up to January 2026.
  • Utilized a random-effects model to calculate pooled effect size (Hedges' g) and performed subgroup analyses by exercise type.

Main Results:

  • Exercise interventions significantly reduced symptoms of non-severe depression (Hedges' g = -0.86).
  • Aerobic (g = -0.91) and mind-body exercises (g = -0.88) showed the strongest effects.
  • Mind-body exercises demonstrated the lowest heterogeneity (I2 = 54%), indicating greater therapeutic stability.

Conclusions:

  • Physical exercise is an effective intervention for non-severe depression.
  • Aerobic exercise offers substantial symptom alleviation, while mind-body exercise provides optimal therapeutic stability.
  • Despite positive findings, the low certainty of evidence and potential publication bias warrant cautious interpretation; exercise can be an adjunctive strategy.