Progress and application of biopolymer-based packaging systems integrated with Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Shirazi thyme) essential oil

Active packaging systems have gained prominence as an effective alternative to conventional synthetic materials. Such systems aim to not only preserve product quality and extend shelf life but also to enhance the functional properties of the product. The essential oil (EO) of Zataria multiflora boiss. (Z. multiflora), rich in phenolic compounds, can serve as a valuable functional additive. This study reviews the incorporation of Z. multiflora essential oil (ZEO) into bio-based films/coatings via conventional and advanced methods, including nanoemulsions and Pickering emulsions. The present review aims to assess ZEO effects on the mechanical, barrier, optical, and functional properties of bio-based matrices, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and composites. However, further research is required to optimize ZEO stability, achieve the optimal controlled release of its active substances (e.g., carvacrol), and overcome challenges in industrial scalability and regulatory compliance.