Genome Editing Technologies for Cancer Therapy

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the limitations of conventional therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy underscore the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. While advances in early detection and treatment have improved outcomes in some regions, challenges such as micrometastasis, tumor relapse, and multidrug resistance continue to hinder long-term success. The multifactorial nature of cancer-driven by complex genetic mutations, diverse tumor microenvironments, and adaptive cancer cell behavior- demands more precise and effective solutions. Recent breakthroughs in molecular biology and genetic engineering have led to the emergence of genome editing technologies that offer promising avenues for targeted cancer therapy. This review highlights the evolution and application of key genome editing platforms, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator- like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/CAS9 system. Meganucleases were among the earliest tools with site-specific cutting ability, but limited versatility. ZFNs and TALENs offered greater modularity and target specificity through protein-DNA interactions. The CRISPR/CAS9 system revolutionized genome editing with its RNA-guided targeting, allowing for higher efficiency, simplicity, and flexibility in gene modification. These tools have enabled researchers to disrupt oncogenes, repair tumor suppressor genes, and manipulate signalling pathways involved in tumor progression, resistance, and metastasis. Moreover, ongoing advancements in delivery systems and gene repair mechanisms have further enhanced their therapeutic potential. We also discuss their translational potential from bench to bedside and explore future perspectives on how these technologies may revolutionize precision oncology, ultimately contributing to more effective treatment outcomes.