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Updated: May 1, 2026

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function
Published on: January 29, 2013
Non-invasive Vascular Laboratory Evaluation of the Upper Extremity
Jonathan Langdon1, Leslie M Scoutt1, Gowthaman Gunabushanam1
1Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
None:
A wide range of vascular pathologies can lead to upper extremity ischemia, including atherosclerotic disease, complications following arterial bypass graft, steal from hemodialysis fistula or graft, trauma including iatrogenic injury, vascular compression syndromes, collagen vascular disorders and vasospasm. Non-invasive vascular laboratory testing can be helpful in diagnosis as well as follow-up to assess disease progression and response to therapy. In this article, the technique and interpretation of physiological testing studies such as the wrist brachial index, digital brachial indices, segmental pressure measurements and pulse volume recordings are reviewed. Demonstrative clinical cases are provided with Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, and angiography correlation.
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