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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Using the Quantifying Bilingual Language Experience Questionnaire to Identify Risk for Language Impairment in

Cécile De Cat1, Laurice Tuller2, Arief Gusnanto1

  • 1University of Leeds, United Kingdom.

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|April 30, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new risk factor index, RF4-min, effectively identifies children at risk for language impairment (LI). This tool aids in clinical triage and research by assessing bilingual children

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Area of Science:

  • Child language development
  • Bilingualism and language acquisition
  • Clinical linguistics and audiology

Background:

  • Early identification of language impairment (LI) is crucial for clinical intervention and research, yet challenging for bilingual children.
  • Parental questionnaires are valuable tools for gathering developmental information, but require efficient analysis for risk assessment.
  • Existing methods for identifying at-risk bilingual children may not fully capture language proficiency nuances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate automatic risk factor indices from parental questionnaire data for identifying children at risk for LI.
  • To compare the effectiveness of different indices, varying in language proficiency weighting, for predicting language impairment.
  • To assess the utility of these indices in clinical triage and research sampling of bilingual children.

Main Methods:

  • Derived multiple risk factor indices using the Quantifying Bilingual Language Experience (Q-BEx) online questionnaire backend.
  • Applied indices to two datasets of 5- to 8-year-old children: diagnosed developmental language disorder (DLD)/typical development (TD) and a mixed monolingual/bilingual group.
  • Utilized Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) tools to assess language outcomes and developmental status.

Main Results:

  • The RF4-min index, comprising four equally weighted factors including language proficiency, effectively separated bilingual children by developmental status.
  • RF4-min demonstrated significant predictive value for language outcomes, outperforming indices with different proficiency weighting.
  • This composite score offered a favorable balance of separability, sensitivity, and predictive accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The RF4-min index, derived automatically from Q-BEx data, shows significant promise for the initial screening of children at risk for language impairment.
  • Its balanced approach to risk factors, including language proficiency, makes it a valuable tool for first-level triage.
  • This automated index can improve the efficiency and accuracy of identifying children needing further language assessment.