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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Regurgitation II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

943
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a valvular heart disorder in which the mitral valve fails to close tightly, allowing blood to leak backward into the heart. Understanding the clinical manifestations, assessment, diagnostic findings, and medical management of MR is crucial to effectively managing affected patients.Clinical Manifestations of Mitral RegurgitationMitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, each presenting differently and requiring different approaches:1. Acute Mitral...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Updated: May 1, 2026

Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans
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Mitral Annular Calcification.

Carson Oprysko1, Chinmayi Prabhakar2, Lorin Berman1

  • 1From the Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY.

Cardiology in Review
|April 30, 2026
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Mitral annular calcification (MAC), linked to aging and cardiovascular risks, affects 8-15% of people. It increases risks for heart problems and mortality, requiring careful management.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Gerontology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a chronic, age-related degenerative process affecting the posterior mitral annulus.
  • Pathogenesis involves cardiovascular risk factors, mechanical stress, and inflammation, leading to pathological cellular changes.
  • MAC affects 8-15% of the population, with 8% developing significant valvular disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and diagnostic modalities of mitral annular calcification.
  • To highlight the association of MAC with cardiovascular mortality and complications.
  • To discuss the challenges and multidisciplinary approach in managing MAC, especially concerning valvular interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on mitral annular calcification.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and risk factors.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic imaging techniques, including echocardiography and cardiac CT.

Main Results:

  • MAC is prevalent in 8-15% of the population, increasing with age.
  • Patients with MAC face higher risks of cardiovascular mortality, atrial fibrillation, conduction disorders, and atherosclerosis.
  • Transthoracic echocardiogram is the primary diagnostic tool; cardiac CT aids in severity quantification and procedural planning.

Conclusions:

  • MAC is a significant cardiovascular risk marker associated with adverse outcomes.
  • Early diagnosis and risk factor management are crucial.
  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing patients with clinically significant MAC, particularly before valvular interventions.