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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Optimization of Processing of Tiebangchui with Highland Barley Wine Based on the Box-Behnken Design Combined with the Entropy Method
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Pathway development for brewer's spent grain valorization using multi-objective optimization.

Andrea Penedo1, Jeppe Yndgaard2, Lucas Van der Hauwaert1

  • 1CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, s/n 15782, Spain.

Waste Management (New York, N.Y.)
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) valorization is optimized for economic and environmental sustainability. Animal feed is most profitable, while compost offers the lowest carbon footprint, guiding biorefinery design.

Keywords:
Carbon Footprint AnalysisEarly-Stage Biorefinery DesignMinimum Selling PriceOUTDOORSuperstructure Optimization

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Industrial Biotechnology
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is a significant waste stream from the European beer industry.
  • Current uses include animal feed, biogas production, and landfilling.
  • BSG's composition presents opportunities for diverse value-added product development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To benchmark BSG valorization technologies for effective biorefinery design.
  • To assess the economic and environmental sustainability of various BSG valorization pathways.
  • To guide decision-making in the brewing industry for waste stream management.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the open-source OUTDOOR software framework.
  • Multi-objective optimization of a superstructure encompassing all BSG valorization routes.
  • Pareto efficiency analysis integrating economic (EBIT, MSP) and environmental (carbon footprint) objectives.

Main Results:

  • Animal feed demonstrated the highest profitability (10% higher EBIT than compost).
  • Compost yielded the lowest carbon footprint (91% lower than biogas).
  • Ethanol and hydrochar showed environmental value and market competitiveness potential.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized biorefinery design requires balancing economic and environmental factors.
  • Cascade conversion strategies are viable only through synergistic pathway integration.
  • The study provides a framework for sustainable BSG management and valorization.