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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
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The pathophysiology of gastritis begins with the colonization of the stomach lining by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacterium spreads mainly via the oral-oral route through saliva or shared utensils, and can also be transmitted in overcrowded or unhygienic environments through contaminated water, despite its brief survival outside the body.ColonizationOnce ingested, H. pylori enters the stomach and begins colonization by navigating through the mucus layer lining the stomach wall. It...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
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Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Drive Bile Duct Inflammation.

Kathrine S Nordhus1, Fei Zheng1, Natalie L Berntsen1

  • 1Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery and Specialized Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery and Specialized Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local exposure to microbial antigens activates Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, driving pathogenic bile duct inflammation. Targeting MAIT cell pathways may offer new treatments for cholangiopathies.

Keywords:
5-OP-RUBile Duct InjectionCholangitisE coliMAIT CellsMr1(+) B6-MAIT(CAST) MicePSCiVα19 Cα(−/−) Tg Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize microbial metabolites presented by MR1.
  • Bile in chronic biliary inflammation contains MAIT antigens, suggesting a role in disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if intrabiliary MAIT antigen exposure activates MAIT cells and induces biliary inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Injected E.coli or MAIT ligand 5-OP-RU into mouse bile ducts.
  • Monitored clinical signs, analyzed liver tissue, and assessed portal inflammation.
  • Used flow cytometry for immunophenotyping and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) for transcriptional profiling.

Main Results:

  • Intrabiliary E.coli induced cholangitis, elevated ALT, and portal inflammation with MAIT cell activation.
  • MAIT ligand 5-OP-RU confirmed MAIT cell-specific inflammatory response.
  • MAIT cell activation reprogrammed hepatic MAIT cells toward a MAIT17 phenotype.

Conclusions:

  • MAIT cells can drive pathogenic bile duct inflammation upon local antigen exposure.
  • Modulating MAIT cell immune pathways could be a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory cholangiopathies.