Bio-interfaces-based detection of gastric carcinogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori: enabling early and high...

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is widespread globally, affecting more than half of the world's population. However, traditional detection methods, which have been used for decades, have several limitations, such as invasiveness and the requirement for endoscopy to acquire biopsy samples. Given the severity and complexity of the diseases caused by H. pylori, biosensors provide a practical solution for H. pylori detection, offering a valuable approach to simple, accurate, rapid, and highly specific identification of stomach cancer in its early stages.

This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of various biosensors categorized into distinct sections based on their classification. Different electrochemical sensors, aptamer-based, optical, whole-cell, enzyme-based, and immunosensors that have already been developed for the detection of various biomarkers of H. pylori are summarized.

Future research should focus on developing more reliable, easier, cost-effective, and valid H. pylori biomarker-based biosensors to enhance diagnostics and therapeutic outcomes. There is also a need to commercialize these biosensors, enabling individuals to detect disease themselves at home or facilitating real-time detection. The successful translation of these biosensors from laboratory settings to commercial use necessitates a series of defined steps, which warrant immediate prioritization.