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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

2.3K
Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Thermoregulation01:26

Thermoregulation

2.9K
The human body has a sophisticated thermoregulation system that employs negative feedback mechanisms to maintain an optimal core temperature. When the core temperature drops, peripheral and central thermoreceptors send signals to the hypothalamus, activating the heat-promoting center. This center triggers several responses aimed at increasing the core temperature. First, vasoconstriction reduces the flow of warm blood from internal organs to the skin so that the heat is not lost from the skin,...
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

29.7K
Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
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Smart Thermochromic Nanofiber Membranes for Adaptive Thermal Management: Dynamic Switching between Radiative Cooling

Gaihuan Ren1, Wen Sun1, Dongxu Lu2

  • 1Textile and Garment Industry of Research Institute, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|May 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed smart textiles using electrospun polyurethane nanofiber membranes (PUBPs). These adaptive textiles regulate body temperature through color change and phase change materials, offering effective all-season thermal management.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Textile Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Extreme weather events necessitate adaptive thermal management solutions.
  • Smart textiles offer potential for personal microclimate regulation.
  • Existing technologies require further development for all-season effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop multifunctional polyurethane nanofiber membranes (PUBPs) for adaptive thermal management.
  • To integrate thermosensitive color-changing microcapsules (RT-BCMs) and phase-change microcapsules (RT-PCMs) into a sandwich nanofiber structure.
  • To evaluate the thermal regulation performance, durability, and stability of the developed PUBPs.

Main Methods:

  • Electrospinning technology was employed to fabricate PUBPs with a sandwich structure.
  • RT-BCMs were incorporated into the outer PU nanofiber layer for thermochromism.
  • RT-PCMs were integrated into the middle PU nanofiber layer for phase change energy storage.

Main Results:

  • The PUBPs exhibited reversible color changes between 26-40 °C, with high solar reflectance (87.4%) and mid-infrared emissivity (95.3%) in white mode for radiative cooling.
  • In blue mode (low temperature), solar reflectance decreased to 69.1% while mid-infrared emissivity remained high (95.1%) for solar heating.
  • The membrane demonstrated a phase change enthalpy of 106.8 J/g, effectively buffering temperature fluctuations and showing excellent durability after UV aging and thermal cycling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PUBPs achieve all-season adaptive thermal management through a synergistic thermochromic and phase-change mechanism.
  • This smart textile offers a promising strategy for developing advanced temperature-controlled clothing.
  • The material exhibits significant potential for mitigating temperature variations in response to environmental changes.