Diffusion models for medical image reconstruction

Better algorithms for medical image reconstruction can improve image quality and enable reductions in acquisition time and radiation dose. A prior understanding of the distribution of plausible images is key to realising these benefits. Recently, research into deep-learning image reconstruction has started to look into using unsupervised diffusion models, trained only on high-quality medical images (ie, without needing paired scanner measurement data), for modelling this prior understanding. Image reconstruction algorithms incorporating unsupervised diffusion models have already attained state-of-the-art accuracy for reconstruction tasks ranging from highly accelerated MRI to ultra-sparse-view CT and low-dose PET. Key advantages of diffusion model approach over previous deep learning approaches for reconstruction include state-of-the-art image distribution modelling, improved robustness to domain shift, and principled quantification of reconstruction uncertainty. If hallucination concerns can be alleviated, their key advantages and impressive performance could mean these algorithms are better suited to clinical use than previous deep-learning approaches. In this review, we provide an accessible introduction to image reconstruction and diffusion models, outline guidance for using diffusion-model-based reconstruction methodology, summarise modality-specific challenges, and identify key research themes. We conclude with a discussion of the opportunities and challenges of using diffusion models for medical image reconstruction.