Association between carbohydrate consumption and self-assessed severe headache or migraine among American adults

Prior research suggests that low-carbohydrate diets may reduce the frequency of headache attacks in individuals with migraine. However, the association between dietary carbohydrate intake and migraine in adults remains unclear. Given migraine's significant public health burden and the modifiable nature of diet, understanding this relationship is vital for prevention. This study therefore investigated whether carbohydrate intake is associated with severe headache or migraine in a nationally representative sample of US adults. Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (1999-2004), this study examined the association between dietary carbohydrate intake and severe headache or migraine in adults aged over 20. Multivariable logistic regression was used, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, and comorbidities. The study surveyed 10,413 participants, with 2062 reporting severe headache or migraine. Analysis of carbohydrate energy percentage revealed: compared to Q1 (≤42.7%), odds ratios (ORs) for severe headache or migraine were 1.04 for Q2 (42.7% to ≤50.5%, P = 0.642), 1.13 for Q3 (50.5% to ≤58.0%, P = 0.176), and 1.32 for Q4 (>58.0%, P = 0.008). A non-linear association was found between dietary carbohydrate intake and severe headache or migraine among U.S. adults (P for non-linearity = 0.002). The group with carbohydrate intake ≥51.1% of total energy had an OR of 1.22 (95% CI: 1.09-1.38, P = 0.002) compared to those below this level. The data suggest a significant association, with an important inflection point occurring at approximately 51.1%. This research uncovered a non-linear link between carbohydrate intake from diet and the chance of suffering from severe headache or migraine among American adults.