Effects of stress on brain activation changes: Recent developments

Stress engages coordinated psychological, neuroendocrine, autonomic, and neural processes that enable adaptation to environmental demands but may contribute to vulnerability when stress is prolonged, uncontrollable, or socially evaluative. Functional neuroimaging has become central to psychoneuroendocrinology by enabling direct investigation of how acute stress shapes brain activation and connectivity and how these neural responses interact with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. This editorial introduces the Special Issue "Effects of stress on brain activation changes: Recent developments" and outlines key conceptual and methodological advances in the field. We highlight progress from endocrine-marker-based stress research toward brain-based models of stress, emphasizing evidence from scanner-based paradigms such as the Montreal Imaging Stress Task and ScanSTRESS, as well as emerging multimodal approaches including fNIRS, PET, EEG, and harmonized large-scale analyses. We discuss recent developments concerning exposure-time effects, network-level models of stress processing, and the importance of functional connectivity. We further emphasize the need to account for individual and contextual variability, including sex, gender, developmental stage, clinical vulnerability, and real-world stress relevance. This Special Issue invites contributions that use neuroimaging to advance mechanistic, translational, and reproducible models of stress-related brain function.