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Related Concept Videos

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

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Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Interfacial architecture engineering for inducing acidic microenvironments in alkaline media towards efficient

Jian Yang1, Yiwen Zeng1, Wenke Liu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|May 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study engineered gold-nickel phosphide heterostructures for efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysis. Tailoring interfacial structures via annealing significantly enhanced HER activity by optimizing water dissociation and creating localized acidic microenvironments.

Keywords:
In-situ RamanIn-situ TEMInterface controlMicroenvironment modulationWater splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Developing efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is crucial for sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis.
  • Understanding intermediate behavior in alkaline HER is key for designing effective catalysts, but current knowledge is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an interfacial engineering approach using gold-nickel phosphide (Au-Ni2P) heterostructures to improve alkaline HER.
  • To precisely tailor metal-support interaction (SMSI) and understand its effect on catalytic performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized three distinct interfacial architectures (Yolk-shell, alloyed, Janus-type) of Au-Ni2P heterostructures.
  • Utilized in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structural confirmation.
  • Employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations and in situ Raman spectroscopy to investigate interfacial properties and reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Achieved distinct interfacial architectures: Yolk-shell (Au@Ni2P YSNs), alloyed (Au-Ni2P), and Janus-type (Ni2P-Au).
  • DFT calculations showed alloyed interfaces optimize water dissociation via Au-induced Ni 3d orbital modulation and strong Au-P bonding.
  • In situ Raman spectroscopy revealed enhanced water dissociation creates localized acidic microenvironments, boosting HER activity.

Conclusions:

  • The HER activity followed the sequence: Au-Ni2P > Au@Ni2P YSNs > Ni2P-Au.
  • Established a novel methodology for interfacial engineering through thermal-driven SMSI manipulation.
  • Provided new insights into microenvironment modulation for advanced electrocatalysis.