Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

3.7K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
3.7K
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

24
Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
24
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

36
Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
36
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

5.7K
The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
5.7K
Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia01:26

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

55
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ due to enhanced cell division. It is an adaptive, controlled response to stimuli such as injury, hormones, or stress, involving mitosis to produce genetically identical cells and support tissue repair and regeneration.Tissue CapacityCertain tissues, including the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, have a high potential for hyperplasia. Others, such as bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle, show...
55
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

28
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
28

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Mapping of Operative Heterogeneity in Robotic Splenic Flexure Cancer Surgery, Focusing on Vascular Ligation and Reconstructive Strategy.

Cancers·2026
Same author

When treatment backfires: Dopamine agonist-induced CSF leaks in prolactinomas - Case series and systematic review.

Brain & spine·2026
Same author

Endocrine and metabolic determinants of cardiometabolic risk in mild autonomous cortisol secretion.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same author

Clinicopathological data and the role of miRNA expression in patients with pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2025
Same author

Glutamine antagonism suppresses tumor growth in adrenocortical carcinoma through inhibition of de novo nucleotide biosynthesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Bone Health in Patients With Adrenal Adenomas and Hypercortisolism: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.

Clinical endocrinology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

26.6K

Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia.

Chrysoula Koukoula1, Georgios Kyriakopoulos2, Stylianos Tsagarakis3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (ENDO-ERN), Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Attiki, Greece.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|May 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is often incidentally found via imaging. Patients require assessment for cortisol excess, as genetic factors and hormone dysregulation are common contributors.

Keywords:
ARMC5 and KDM1A mutationsAdrenal incidentalomasAdrenalectomyCushing syndromeG-coupled illegitimate receptorsMild autonomous cortisol secretionSteroidogenesis inhibitors

More Related Videos

Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy
06:20

Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy

Published on: December 30, 2025

214
Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
06:08

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

26.6K
Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy
06:20

Murine Bilateral Renal Lymphadenectomy

Published on: December 30, 2025

214
Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

18.5K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is increasingly detected incidentally due to widespread adrenal imaging.
  • Radiological features are key for diagnosis, necessitating further clinical and biochemical evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the growing recognition of PBMAH.
  • To emphasize the importance of assessing for steroid excess, particularly cortisol, in PBMAH patients.
  • To discuss the genetic and molecular underpinnings of PBMAH.

Main Methods:

  • Adrenal imaging for radiologic feature identification.
  • Clinical and biochemical assessment for steroid excess.
  • Genetic mutation analysis (e.g., ARMC5, KDM1A).
  • Evaluation of hormone receptor expression and intra-adrenal ACTH production.

Main Results:

  • PBMAH is frequently detected incidentally in asymptomatic individuals.
  • Many PBMAH patients exhibit mild autonomous cortisol secretion.
  • Genetic mutations, such as ARMC5 and KDM1A, are prevalent, especially in severe or food-dependent forms.
  • Aberrant hormone signaling and intra-adrenal ACTH contribute to cortisol dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • PBMAH diagnosis relies on imaging, clinical evaluation, and biochemical testing.
  • Cortisol excess is a significant concern in PBMAH, influenced by genetics and hormonal mechanisms.
  • Management strategies for PBMAH are contingent upon the patient's cortisol status.