Nanotechnology in photodynamic and photothermal therapy for skin cancer

Skin is the largest organ of the body, which comprises of 16 % of the body weight. It has layered structure which consists of epidermis and dermis and plays a crucial role in protection. Due to factors like UV exposure, there is rising global incidence and mortality of skin cancer and thus there is requirement for advanced treatment methods beyond current methods. So, leading to the exploration of nanotechnology-driven therapies that provide improved diagnostic capabilities, targeted drug delivery and minimized adverse effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers that is activated by specific light wavelengths and offers minimal invasive treatment with the help of production of reactive oxygen species that destroy cancer cells. The challenges faced by conventional PDT is overcome by advancements such as targeted delivery systems, nanocarriers and oxygen-enhancing strategies. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is also a minimally invasive cancer treatment that uses absorbing agents like nanoparticles which absorb near-infrared (NIR) light. It destroys the cancer cells whiles sparing the healthy tissue by generation of localized heat. Nanotechnology significantly enhances both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) by controlled drug release, precise tumour targeting and improved heat agent or photosensitizer stability. With the use of advanced nanocarriers and NIR-responsive systems greater efficacy in hypoxic environments, reduced side effects and deeper tissue penetration is achieved when compared to conventional approaches. While clinical translation faces challenges like scalability, standardization and safety ongoing advancements in theranostics, AI and biodegradable nanomaterials has the potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes by overcoming these drawbacks.