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Therapeutic Approach to Heart Failure Management: Insight from Clinical Trials
Ambrish Kumar1, Rylee Fowler1, Emily Ruggerio1
1Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and.
Insights
Heart failure (HF) affects millions globally, with rising prevalence and costs. This review covers HF pathophysiology and FDA-approved treatments, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and others.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Heart failure (HF) is a significant global health issue affecting over 64 million people worldwide.
- Prevalence in the US is substantial, with an estimated 6.7 million individuals affected, projected to increase to 8.5 million by 2030.
- HF-related mortality and healthcare costs are substantial and increasing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the pathophysiology of heart failure.
- To focus on Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic agents for HF.
- To provide insights from relevant clinical studies on HF treatments.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of HF pathophysiology.
- Analysis of FDA-approved HF medications.
- Examination of clinical study data for therapeutic agents.
Main Results:
- Current recommended drug classes for HF include renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, diuretics, beta-blockers, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors.
- The article details the mechanisms and clinical evidence for these approved therapies.
- Insights into the efficacy and application of these treatments are discussed.
Conclusions:
- Understanding HF pathophysiology is crucial for effective treatment.
- FDA-approved therapies offer various mechanisms to manage HF.
- Continued research and clinical studies are vital for optimizing HF management.
Abstract:
Heart failure (HF) is a global burden and, irrespective of age, sex, race, nationality, and geography, affects individuals across the world. Several reports mentioned that, globally, more than 64 million people, which accounts for 1% to 3% of the total global population, are living with HF. In the United States, approximately 6.7 million people older than 20 years have some form of HF, and it is expected to rise to 8.5 million (approximately 3% of the US population) by 2030. HF was linked to 85,037 deaths in 2021, which was 45.8% higher than in 2011. The direct and indirect healthcare costs to treat and manage HF keep increasing both in the United States and around the world. There are several different classes of therapeutic agents available to treat HF. The current recommended therapies include the following drug classes: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, diuretics, β-blockers, and sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors. The present article reviews the pathophysiology of HF and focuses on the Food and Drug Administration-approved HF therapeutic agents and insights from corresponding clinical studies.
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