Next-Generation Strategies for Neural Repair and Regeneration: Neural Organoid Transplantation in the CNS

Neurological disorders are often devastating and notoriously difficult to repair, creating an urgent need for novel research models and therapeutic strategies. Neural organoids-three-dimensional, self-assembling structures derived from stem cells-have emerged as a powerful platform to address this challenge. Supported by enabling technologies like bioreactors and 3D printing, advanced maturation protocols have significantly enhanced their cellular diversity and functional utility. This progress has paved the way for their widespread application in developmental studies, disease modelling, and notably, regenerative medicine. Focusing specifically on the latter, this article reviews how neural organoid transplantation opens new avenues for treating CNS injuries and degeneration. We first elaborate on the development, characteristics, and maturation strategies of neural organoids. We then summarise the translational applications and achievements of transplanting both whole neural organoids and their derived vesicles, analyse the prevailing challenges in the field, and finally, outline future directions to advance the therapeutic potential of this technology.