Pediatric endocrine disorders: a review of intra-abdominal findings and appropriate imaging

Endocrine disorders in pediatric patients often involve a variety of imaging modalities as part of a diagnostic workup or disease surveillance. This pictorial essay and review of the literature highlights adrenal and reproductive system imaging findings related to endocrine-related diseases. This review includes descriptions of normal adrenal gland anatomy and imaging characteristics, as well as the clinical presentations and diagnostic imaging of congenital adrenal hyperplasia and of benign and malignant adrenal masses. Additionally, normal reproductive tract development and puberty will be covered, followed by an overview of Müllerian anomalies, 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Differential diagnostic considerations, appropriate imaging protocols, and clinical management strategies will be discussed.