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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

16.4K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Physical Properties Affecting Solubility02:19

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

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Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...
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A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Assessing Order in Liquid, Supercooled, and Crystalline Water.

Rajendra Maharjan1,2, Casey Williamson1, Christopher J Fennell1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.

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Summary

A new metric quantifies water

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Area of Science:

  • Physical chemistry
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Water exhibits complex hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) networks in aqueous solutions.
  • Understanding water's structural organization is crucial across various thermodynamic states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a generalized approach for analyzing the H-bond network connectivity in water.
  • To develop a novel metric, the ring summation factor, for quantifying water's structural order.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a method to identify and classify H-bond rings based on donor-acceptor directionality.
  • Constructed a ring summation factor metric, analogous to the tetrahedral order parameter.
  • Applied the metric to liquid, supercooled, and crystalline water systems.

Main Results:

  • The ring summation factor effectively characterizes water ordering across different phases.
  • Network ordering in liquid water is state-dependent and sensitive to simulation models.
  • Supercooled water exhibits a universal ring distribution signature preceding crystallization.
  • Different ice polymorphs show distinct ring size distributions and proton ordering.

Conclusions:

  • The ring summation factor provides a new perspective on water structure and ordering.
  • This metric can identify and help correct deficiencies in tetrahedrality assessments of crystalline water.
  • The findings offer insights into water's behavior in liquid, supercooled, and solid states.