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Microfluidic crystal tracking reveals an ionic-strength driven nucleation-growth switch in MICP.

Miao Zhang1, Qianwei Li1, Biao Wei1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.

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|May 2, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic strength controls microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). High salinity favors larger crystal growth, enhancing hardness removal and particle separation in complex fluids.

Keywords:
BiointerfacesDLVOHeterogeneous nucleationIonic strengthMicrofluidics

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is crucial for geological processes and industrial applications.
  • Bulk assays for MICP kinetics mask crucial interfacial heterogeneity, especially in hypersaline environments.
  • Understanding the role of ionic strength in MICP is vital for optimizing its application in diverse conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of varying ionic strength (0-100 g L-1 NaCl) on CaCO3 precipitation kinetics by *Staphylococcus succinus* J3.
  • To elucidate how ionic strength influences bacteria-mineral biointerface interactions and CaCO3 nucleation and growth.
  • To demonstrate the utility of in situ microfluidics for resolving biomineralization kinetics in complex fluids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an in situ microfluidic platform for time-lapse imaging and automated crystal tracking.
  • Monitored CaCO3 precipitation by *Staphylococcus succinus* J3 across a wide range of NaCl concentrations.
  • Applied classical nucleation theory and double-layer interaction concepts for mechanistic interpretation.

Main Results:

  • Observed an ionic-strength-dependent nucleation-growth switch.
  • Low salinity promoted rapid nucleation and early growth saturation with abundant microcrystals.
  • High salinity resulted in fewer nuclei but sustained growth, yielding larger, calcite-dominated crystals.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic strength modulates MICP by favoring nucleation at low salinity and promoting growth at high salinity.
  • Introducing low-salinity nuclei into hypersaline conditions significantly improved hardness removal and particle separability.
  • Microfluidics offers a practical approach to study and tune MICP kinetics in challenging environments.