Burn depth assessment by photoacoustic imaging: A review

Accurate and timely assessment of burn depth is critical for determining effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. However, traditional diagnostic methods, such as visual inspection and histological analysis, are constrained by subjectivity, invasiveness, and diagnostic delays. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), a hybrid modality combining optical contrast with ultrasonic resolution, has emerged as a promising tool for biomedical applications due to its high sensitivity to endogenous chromophores and capability for depth-resolved functional imaging. Although various PAI configurations have been investigated for non-invasive burn assessment, a comprehensive synthesis of this specific application is currently lacking. To address this gap, this review provides a detailed overview of the fundamental principles of PAI, evaluates its distinct advantages in burn depth assessment, and discusses current technological advancements, translational challenges, and future perspectives.