Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Rab Proteins

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

RACE - Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends

Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends, or RACE, is one of the most effective methods to obtain a full-length cDNA from an mRNA sequence between a known internal region to the unknown sequence at the 5’ or 3’ end. The unknown region is cloned in the cDNA by a gene-specific primer that binds the known end, and a hybrid primer that attaches a predefined anchor sequence to the unknown end of the cDNA. The sequence in between is amplified by PCR with an anchor primer and a gene-specific...

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Rab Cascades

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

P-Rex1 controls phagocytosis and the killing of bacteria by murine neutrophils independently of its catalytic activity.

Frontiers in immunology·2025

Same author

P-Rex1 limits the agonist-induced internalization of GPCRs independently of its Rac-GEF activity.

Cell reports·2025

Same author

P-Rex1 limits glucose clearance and suppresses hepatocyte glucose uptake and mitochondrial metabolism independently of its Rac-GEF activity.

Cell reports·2025

Same author

P-Rex2 suppresses glucose uptake into liver and skeletal muscle through different adaptor functions.

Scientific reports·2025

Same author

Aspirin prevents metastasis by limiting platelet TXA<sub>2</sub> suppression of T cell immunity.

Nature·2025

Same author

Targeting the PREX2/RAC1/PI3Kβ Signaling Axis Confers Sensitivity to Clinically Relevant Therapeutic Approaches in Melanoma.

Cancer research·2024

Same journal

Integrative spatiotemporal analysis uncovers an Fto-mediated epigenetic-metabolic axis governing myocardial ischemic injury.

Cellular signalling·2026

Same journal

Caspase-3 activation is a brake in GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis.

Cellular signalling·2026

Same journal

ILF3 promotes proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through STAT3 phosphorylation and formation of an endogenous complex with SRPK1.

Cellular signalling·2026

Same journal

Extracellular regucalcin blocks the proliferation and metastatic activity of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells by targeting diverse signaling pathways: Involvement in the cancer cell microenvironment.

Cellular signalling·2026

Same journal

Neutrophilic LGALS2 drives tuberculosis susceptibility by regulating Th2 polarization via the IFN-γ-HLA-II-CD4 axis.

Cellular signalling·2026

Same journal

Diosgenin alleviates radiation nephropathy by suppressing renal mTORC1 signalling with concomitant effects on the gut and liver.

Cellular signalling·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 4, 2026

Assessing Neuroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Extract Using a Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mouse Model

Assessing Neuroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Extract Using a Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mouse Model

Published on: December 9, 2018

P-Rex Rac-GEFs.

Heidi C E Welch¹

¹Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.

Cellular Signalling

|May 2, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The P-Rex proteins P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 are crucial regulators of cell signaling, impacting immunity, metabolism, and cancer. Recent advances shed light on their diverse roles and therapeutic potential.

Keywords:

GEFs GTPases Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors P-Rex1 P-Rex2 P-Rex2b PREX1 PREX2 PREX2A Rac Rho family Small G proteins

More Related Videos

Monitoring On-Target Signaling Responses in Larval Zebrafish - Z-REX Unmasks Precise Mechanisms of Electrophilic Drugs and Metabolites

Monitoring On-Target Signaling Responses in Larval Zebrafish - Z-REX Unmasks Precise Mechanisms of Electrophilic Drugs and Metabolites

Published on: June 2, 2023

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform RpEGEN for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform RpEGEN for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: March 2, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 4, 2026

Assessing Neuroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Extract Using a Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mouse Model

Assessing Neuroprotective Effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Extract Using a Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Mouse Model

Published on: December 9, 2018

Monitoring On-Target Signaling Responses in Larval Zebrafish - Z-REX Unmasks Precise Mechanisms of Electrophilic Drugs and Metabolites

Monitoring On-Target Signaling Responses in Larval Zebrafish - Z-REX Unmasks Precise Mechanisms of Electrophilic Drugs and Metabolites

Published on: June 2, 2023

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform RpEGEN for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Nitroreductase/Metronidazole-Mediated Ablation and a MATLAB Platform RpEGEN for Studying Regeneration of the Zebrafish Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: March 2, 2022

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Cell Signaling
Biochemistry

Background:

P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 are Dbl-type guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activating Rac small GTPases.
They act as coincidence detectors for PI3K and GPCR signaling pathways.
P-Rex proteins regulate diverse physiological processes including immunity, metabolism, and neural function.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the literature on P-Rex proteins from their discovery to recent advances.
To highlight the roles of P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 in various physiological and pathological conditions.
To discuss recent progress in understanding P-Rex regulation, inhibition, and GEF-independent functions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of P-Rex protein family.
Analysis of structural data and inhibitor development.
Summary of GEF-activity independent functions.

Main Results:

P-Rex proteins are implicated in inflammation, immunity, metabolism, and neurological functions.
Deregulated P-Rex1 is linked to fibrotic diseases, asthma, and autism.
P-Rex1 and P-Rex2 are deregulated in metabolic diseases and various cancers, influencing tumor growth and metastasis.

Conclusions:

P-Rex proteins are critical regulators with diverse roles in health and disease.
Recent structural and functional studies have advanced our understanding of P-Rex.
P-Rex proteins represent potential therapeutic targets for cancer and metabolic diseases.