Recent advances in DNA hydrogels for biomedical applications

DNA hydrogels that integrate programmable DNA into three-dimensional networks offer unique advantages in precise target recognition and efficient signal transduction. These properties enable them to overcome critical limitations of conventional platforms, such as poor stability, matrix interference, and high cost, thereby making them highly attractive for biomedicine. Recent research has focused on customizing DNA hydrogels to enhance sensing performance and expand therapeutic potential. This review systematically summarizes recent advances of DNA hydrogels in biosensing and drug delivery. We first introduce major synthesis routes and design principles. These include crosslinking density regulation and stability protection. Then, we analyze the mechanisms of DNA hydrogels in biosensing and drug delivery. Next, we review their applications in medical detection, disease treatment, and theranostic platforms. Finally, we discuss current challenges and future directions. This review aims to provide a reference for rational design and translational application of DNA hydrogel systems.