Seizure Management in Adult Patients During Air Medical Transport

Seizures exist on a clinical spectrum, and providers must adopt a nuanced yet assertive treatment approach, as the transition from benign to life-threatening can occur rapidly. Critical care transport teams are moving these patients more frequently as neuro-specialty care continues to concentrate at quaternary centers and rural health facilities face resource challenges. Patients with seizures can have a variety of physical and physiologic symptoms, and transport crews must be aware of the more subtle symptoms as to intervene appropriately. The priority in seizure management is stopping the seizure, starting with benzodiazepine administration and then escalating to second-line anti-epileptics if benzodiazepines are ineffective. The longer seizure activity continues, the more difficult it is to stop, and the risk of permanent neuronal damage increases. Additional priorities include patient safety/positioning and airway management. Critical care transport crews should be prepared to perform advanced airway management in patients who present in status epilepticus and should get the patient to a facility with magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and neurocritical care resources. The unique environment of air transport makes management and assessment of these patients especially challenging, and we provide updated guidance to consider.