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Related Concept Videos

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Updated: May 4, 2026

Characterization Of Multi-layered Fish Scales Atractosteus spatula Using Nanoindentation, X-ray CT, FTIR, and SEM
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Multiscale structural analysis of nacre-like HAp-based composites using small-angle X-ray scattering tensor

Tayyaba Rabnawaz1, Nathanael Leung2, Hongbo Wan3

  • 1School of Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK; Beamline I22, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK.

Dental Materials : Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials
|May 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polymer choice significantly impacts hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallite orientation in nacre-inspired dental composites. HAp/Polyurethane showed the highest alignment, crucial for designing advanced dental restorative materials.

Keywords:
Bidirectional freeze-castingBiomimetic compositesDental restorationsSAXS tensor tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials engineering

Background:

  • Biomimetic hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based composites mimic natural dental tissues.
  • Nacre-inspired structures offer hierarchical organization for advanced dental restorations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate 3D crystallographic organization of HAp in nacre-inspired composites.
  • Evaluate polymer infiltration's influence on HAp structural orientation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabricated nacre-inspired HAp scaffolds via bidirectional freeze-casting.
  • Infiltrated scaffolds with Polyurethane (PU), Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Epoxy, and Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA).
  • Analyzed 3D crystallite orientation using synchrotron-based 3D SAXS tensor tomography (3D SASTT), SEM, and EDX.

Main Results:

  • HAp/PU exhibited the highest preferred crystallite orientation (∼0.7-0.8).
  • HAp/PMMA and HAp/Epoxy showed lower alignment (∼0.2-0.4).
  • HAp/UDMA displayed heterogeneous orientation with localized moderate alignment.

Conclusions:

  • 3D SASTT enables quantitative mapping of nanoscale crystallite orientation in bulk biomimetic scaffolds.
  • Findings provide insights into composite hierarchical structure for advanced dental material design.