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Neuropeptide S modulation of learning and memory: a systematic review.
Violeta-Maria Caragea1,2, Kay Jüngling3, Marta Méndez-Couz4
1Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Șoseaua Panduri, 90-92, 5th District, Bucharest, 050663, Romania.
Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF
|May 2, 2026
Summary
Neuropeptide S (NPS) influences memory and learning, particularly for emotionally relevant stimuli. This peptide system shows potential for treating memory disorders by modulating acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Molecular Biology
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a key bioactive peptide in the mammalian brain.
- NPS influences fear, anxiety, wakefulness, reward, and learning.
- The neuropeptide S receptor 1 is highly expressed in brain areas crucial for learning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence on the NPS system's role in modulating learning and memory.
- To examine NPS's impact on associative learning, addiction, and fear conditioning.
- To highlight the therapeutic potential of the NPS system in related pathologies.
Main Methods:
- Advanced literature search across PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus.
- Focus on studies investigating memory and Neuropeptide S.
- Synthesis of data from human and animal studies.
Main Results:
- NPS modulates all memory phases: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval.
- NPS impacts extinction learning for appetitive and aversive stimuli.
- NPS interacts with orexinergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic systems to influence memory.
Conclusions:
- The Neuropeptide S system is a critical modulator of memory processes.
- NPS signaling preferentially influences learning tied to emotional or motivational relevance.
- The NPS system presents a potential therapeutic target for specific memory impairments.
Keywords:
AddictionAnxietyExtinctionFear memoryLong-term memoryNPSR1NeuromodulationNeuropeptidesRewardMore Related Videos
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