Physics-guided resampling and asymmetric fusion for ultra-high-frequency bolt-loosening detection

Reliable detection of bolt loosening in safety-critical infrastructure requires monitoring that captures microsecond-scale transients. However, processing 1 MHz vibration signals at the edge presents a fundamental dilemma: standard downsampling can smear sparse diagnostic impulses, whereas full-bandwidth processing is often computationally prohibitive. Here we propose PGRF-Net, a physics-guided deep learning framework that reconciles transient preservation with extreme compression. PGRF-Net integrates (1) a physics-guided resampling operator for high-rate vibration signals (e.g., 150 : 1 compression); (2) a heterogeneous gradient-spectral tensor representation that augments time-frequency information with morphology-aware channels; and (3) an asymmetric fusion module over two representations derived from the same signal (pseudo-image representation + waveform representation). On a six-class 1 MHz PVDF vibration dataset (109,668 segments; temporal-split test = 16,131), PGRF-Net reaches a best-run clean test accuracy of 95.12% under a block-wise temporal split. A strict file-disjoint split is also reported as a cross-scene hold-out protocol. On an independent Zenodo benchmark (3-fold file-disjoint CV, 9 runs per experiment), we evaluate the proposed pipeline together with three feature-engineering controls (Exp 501-503). These results support a practical compression-learning pipeline for industrial monitoring where both transient fidelity and computational efficiency are required.