Dialysis-associated cardiovascular disease risk in children: mechanism and management

Despite modest improvement, the lifespan of a child on dialysis continues to be 40 years shorter compared to healthy children. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Risk factors for CVD are present even in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and accelerate as the child's renal function deteriorates. As a result, the highest burden of CVD exists in patients on chronic dialysis. Although dialysis is life-sustaining, the dialysis procedure promotes cardiovascular damage. Both traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors drive this acceleration. More concerning, the dialysis procedure itself is cardiotoxic. Because of coexisting poor cardiac reserve and altered sympathetic tone in this patient population, dialysis induces repetitive contractile, ischemic injury termed myocardial stunning. This ischemia-reperfusion injury is reversible at first. However, with repetitive episodes, this injury will trigger alterations in cardiac function that decrease contractile function in order to preserve viability. Ultimately, these adaptations lead to remodeling and fibrosis. There is no targeted therapy available to reverse cardiovascular damage in these patients. Intensive monitoring and management of modifiable risks such as hypertension and anemia in the early stages of CKD to optimize cardiovascular health is imperative. However, in late CKD, especially in those patients who are not candidates for preemptive renal transplantation, optimization of the dialysis procedure is critical to prevent acceleration of their CVD burden. Improved assessment of dry weight as well as data-driven fluid management programs may decrease some risk. More importantly, standard implementation of intensified dialysis prescriptions by increasing time or through the addition of convective clearance may mitigate progressive cardiovascular damage and enhance survival. In this review, the pathophysiology of dialysis-induced cardiovascular damage will be reviewed. The management strategies to limit the cardiovascular burden in our patients are also discussed.