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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Catalysis02:50

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

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Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
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Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

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Self-Adaptive Co-W Heteroatomic Interfaces for Efficient and Stable Nitrate-To-Ammonia Conversion.

Fukang Liu1, Sijia Liu1, Qingqing Chen1

  • 1The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, The Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Clean Energy of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel W-CoOOH matrix with self-adaptive W single-atom-anchored CoOOH interfaces overcomes the selectivity-activity trade-off in nitrate reduction. This breakthrough enables high ammonia yield and efficiency via a bifunctional pathway.

Keywords:
ammonia synthesisetching‐reconstructionnitrate reductionself‐adaptivew single atoms

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • The selectivity-activity trade-off hinders efficient nitrate reduction.
  • Developing advanced catalysts is crucial for selective nitrate electroreduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design a self-adaptive catalyst matrix for enhanced nitrate reduction.
  • To investigate the mechanism of W-CoOOH for nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR).

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of W single-atom-anchored CoOOH matrix (W-CoOOH) via etching-reconstruction.
  • Operando analysis to study the electron relay and active sites.
  • In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations for mechanistic investigation.

Main Results:

  • W-CoOOH exhibits a reversible electron relay at Co-W heteroatomic interfaces.
  • Achieved over 90% Faradaic efficiency (FE) in a wide potential range.
  • High NH3 yield rate of 0.64 g h⁻¹ at 10 A in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA).

Conclusions:

  • The W-CoOOH matrix demonstrates superior NITRR performance.
  • A bifunctional pathway involving Co and W sites enhances nitrate reduction.
  • Interfacial electronic modulation plays a key role in catalyst performance.