Self-actualization and self-transcendence: An empirical model of athletes' meaning in elite sport

In line with sport psychology's growing focus on wellbeing and mental health, meaning (i.e., experiencing life as coherent, significant, oriented, and belonging) has been gaining attention in elite sport. Its study is theoretically and practically relevant, since athletes often refer to meaning, especially when it is lacking. However, while wider research highlights its role for physical and mental health, empirical inquiry in sport psychology has produced diverse conceptualizations and lacking alignment with psychological theory. This makes it difficult for practitioners to address meaning when its nature, threats, and supports remain unclear. To address this gap, our study sought to (a) provide an empirical account of athletes' lived experience of meaning, (b) advance theoretical integration with psychological frameworks by proposing a contextualized model of meaning in elite sport that draws on pertinent meaning in life theory, and (c) facilitate applied work. To this end, we interviewed 13 international Olympic athletes multiple times from February 2022 to August 2024. Through framework analysis, we developed an empirical model, incorporating the dimensions of coherence, significance, purpose, belonging, alongside the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, relatedness, and contribution. The model identifies two routes to experiencing meaning in elite sport: Self-actualization arises when athletes connect to themselves through feeling self-determined, competent, mattering to themselves, and having a personal purpose. Self-transcendence emerges when athletes connect with others by pursuing a wider purpose, mattering to others, contributing through giving back, and nurturing relationships. We conclude with critical reflections and recommendations for supporting both routes in practice.