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Classifying and visualizing medication use in the ABCD study
Daniel A Lopez1,2, L Nate Overholtzer3, Kyung E Rhee4
1Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America. lopdanie@ohsu.edu.
Scientific Reports
|May 3, 2026
Summary
This study created a standardized framework to classify adolescent medication use in the ABCD Study. This improved analysis revealed antidepressants significantly reduced internalizing symptoms in adolescents.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Developmental Psychology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Adolescent medication use is crucial for understanding health trends but challenging to analyze due to complex drug classifications.
- Existing medication data in large studies like the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study lack standardization, hindering consistent research.
- Accurate analysis of medication patterns in adolescents is vital for tracking health and treatment efficacy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and present a reproducible framework for standardizing medication categorization within the ABCD Study.
- To enhance analytic consistency and enable more reliable findings on adolescent medication use.
- To facilitate research into the relationship between medication exposure and adolescent neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Harmonized parent-reported prescription and over-the-counter medication data from the ABCD Study (baseline to Year 6).
- Employed a hybrid approach combining the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System, AI-assisted methods, and clinical expertise.
- Consolidated over 6,300 unique medication entries into 95 clinically meaningful categories across three recall periods.
Main Results:
- Successfully standardized over 6,300 medication entries into 95 distinct, clinically relevant categories.
- Identified common medication uses for cold/flu/allergy (553) and acne treatments (355).
- A case study demonstrated that adolescent antidepressant users showed greater reduction in internalizing symptoms (BPM-Y scores) over time compared to nonusers.
Conclusions:
- Introduced a standardized, reproducible classification system for adolescent medication use in the ABCD Study.
- The developed framework, dashboard, and code support new research opportunities for examining medication effects on adolescent development.
- This standardization improves the ability to study medication exposure's impact on adolescent brain, neurocognition, and behavior.
Keywords:
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development StudyAdolescent healthMedication classificationPharmacoepidemiologyReproducible researchMore Related Videos
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