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Focal-plane wavefront sensing with narrowband light using a short multi-mode fiber.

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    We developed a novel focal-plane wavefront sensor using a short multimode fiber. This compact, low-cost sensor enables real-time wavefront recovery for adaptive optics and optical communication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Adaptive Optics
    • Free-space Optical Communication

    Background:

    • Traditional wavefront sensors can suffer from non-common-path aberrations and sign ambiguities.
    • Existing methods may not be suitable for real-time applications due to speed or complexity.
    • Accurate wavefront sensing is crucial for improving performance in optical systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel focal-plane wavefront sensor (FPWFS) utilizing a short multimode fiber (MMF).
    • To enable simultaneous wavefront and focal-plane intensity retrieval, eliminating non-common-path aberrations.
    • To provide a compact, low-cost, and real-time solution for wavefront sensing.

    Main Methods:

    • Coupling aberrated focal-plane fields into a short (≲1 cm) multimode fiber.
    • Preserving modal interference over a 10 nm bandwidth at near-infrared wavelengths.
    • Utilizing a neural network for wavefront recovery from the fiber's output intensity pattern.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully encoded pupil phase information in the output intensity pattern.
    • Resolved the sign ambiguity inherent in even pupil-phase aberrations.
    • Achieved millisecond timescale operation using standard computing hardware.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed MMF-based FPWFS offers a simple, compact, and cost-effective solution for adaptive optics.
    • Its ability to eliminate non-common-path aberrations makes it ideal for shared optical paths.
    • The technology is well-suited for applications in free-space optical communication and astronomical instrumentation.