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    A new reference-free optical field measurement method using extended Nijboer-Zernike (ENZ) polynomials improves phase reconstruction accuracy for complex spatial modes in mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Optical Communications
    • Metrology

    Background:

    • Accurate optical field characterization is crucial for mode-division multiplexing (MDM) systems.
    • Conventional phase measurement techniques like off-axis holography are bulky and lack robustness for complex spatial modes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and validate a novel reference-free optical field measurement method.
    • To enhance phase reconstruction accuracy and robustness for complex optical modes.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a reference-free phase retrieval system utilizing extended Nijboer-Zernike (ENZ) polynomials.
    • Reconstruction of complex pupil-plane fields from multi-focal plane intensity measurements at 1550 nm.
    • Validation using various modes including LP and orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes.

    Main Results:

    • The ENZ method significantly reduced phase root mean square error (Phase RMSE) compared to off-axis holography, with improvements up to 75% for OAM modes.
    • Demonstrated stable and reliable phase reconstruction performance under varying noise levels and experimental parameters.
    • Achieved overall improvements of 44%-75% in phase reconstruction accuracy.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed ENZ-based method offers a robust and scalable solution for high-precision optical field measurement.
    • This technique enhances accuracy and reduces fluctuations in phase reconstruction for multimode optical communication systems.
    • The reference-free approach simplifies experimental setups and improves performance for complex spatial modes.