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    This study introduces an Event-SVE system for real-time, 3D combustion monitoring. It overcomes challenges like high dynamic range and smoke to accurately measure particle dynamics in propellants.

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    Area of Science:

    • Combustion Science
    • Optical Diagnostics
    • Imaging Systems

    Background:

    • Real-time monitoring of high-energy propellant combustion is challenging due to extreme high dynamic range (HDR), microsecond particle motion, and dense smoke.
    • Conventional imaging techniques suffer from saturation, motion blur, and unstable particle extraction under these conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel measurement system for microsecond-resolved 3D combustion analysis under challenging, smoke-obscured, high dynamic range conditions.
    • To enable accurate characterization of particle dynamics, including separation height and equivalent particle size.

    Main Methods:

    • A closed-loop Event-SVE system was developed, coupling a spatially variant exposure (SVE) camera with stereo neuromorphic event cameras.
    • An explicit smoke-aware fusion strategy was implemented for HDR map generation, separating particle emission from smoke scattering.
    • A stereo event-based 3D pipeline was used for feature extraction and triangulation to estimate particle parameters.

    Main Results:

    • The system successfully generated calibrated HDR intensity maps by fusing SVE and event camera data, providing absolute intensity reference.
    • The method effectively suppressed smoke-driven artifacts and improved particle-state discrimination, achieving a maximum calibration error of 0.56%.
    • Experiments on boron-based propellants revealed multimodal equivalent-radius statistics and captured fast separation transients.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed Event-SVE framework offers a practical and calibration-consistent approach for microsecond-resolved 3D combustion measurements.
    • This system addresses limitations of conventional sensors in high-energy combustion environments with significant smoke and HDR.
    • The findings provide valuable insights into propellant combustion dynamics previously difficult to observe.