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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a dual-edge timing method for photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based single-photon lidars (SPL). This approach significantly improves ranging accuracy by neutralizing intensity-dependent errors caused by pulse pile-up.

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    Area of Science:

    • Remote Sensing Technology
    • Photonics and Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based single-photon lidars (SPL) are crucial for airborne and spaceborne remote sensing.
    • High-flux conditions in SPL systems cause pulse pile-up and dead-time effects, leading to intensity-dependent range walk errors that limit ranging accuracy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel method for mitigating range walk errors in SPL systems under high-flux conditions.
    • To enhance the ranging accuracy of PMT-based SPL systems by addressing the limitations of conventional leading-edge discrimination.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate a dual-edge timing approach for processing PMT anode pulse information.
    • Developed and integrated a custom high-speed dual-edge discrimination module with a commercial PMT.

    Main Results:

    • The dual-edge approach theoretically neutralizes intensity-dependent range errors by processing both leading- and trailing-edge timing information.
    • Simulations and experiments demonstrated effective mitigation of range walk errors across diverse signal intensities and pulse widths.
    • Experimental results showed ranging biases within ±1 cm for average signal photon numbers from 0.39 to 19.7 counts.

    Conclusions:

    • The dual-edge timing method offers a robust and hardware-efficient solution for pulse-pile-up compensation in SPL systems.
    • This technique significantly enhances ranging accuracy by decoupling range walk errors from signal intensity, with minimal architectural complexity.