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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Characterization of SiN Integrated Optical Phased Arrays on a Wafer-Scale Test Station
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High-speed phase calibration method for large-scale silicon-based optical phased arrays.

Zichen Guo, Xu Zhao, Yang Cao

    Optics Express
    |May 4, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    A new phase calibration method uses the Hadamard parallel gradient descent (HPGD) algorithm to significantly speed up optical phased arrays (OPAs). This HPGD approach reduces convergence iterations by up to 70% for faster, more efficient OPA calibration.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Signal Processing
    • Integrated Circuits

    Background:

    • Large-scale optical phased arrays (OPAs) are crucial for applications like LiDAR and optical communication.
    • Efficient and high-speed phase calibration is a key challenge for large-scale OPAs.
    • Existing calibration methods can be slow and computationally intensive.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a high-speed phase calibration method for large-scale silicon-based OPAs.
    • To improve the convergence speed and efficiency of OPA calibration.
    • To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulations and experiments.

    Main Methods:

    • Integration of the Hadamard parallel gradient descent (HPGD) algorithm with a dedicated hardware architecture.
    • Utilizing deterministic, orthogonal Hadamard matrices for efficient perturbation sequences.
    • Employing a hardware architecture comprising an FPGA, DSP, and a high-speed avalanche photodiode (APD) for objective function acquisition.

    Main Results:

    • HPGD significantly reduces convergence iterations compared to stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD).
    • A 512-element OPA showed a reduction from 4929 to 2285 iterations (HPGD) and 1480 iterations (adaptive gain variant, adaHPGD), a 70.0% improvement.
    • For larger OPAs (1024–4096 elements), HPGD reduced iterations by 31.8%–41.3%.
    • Experimental results on a 512-element OPA achieved a convergence time of 12.8 s with 6.7 ms per iteration.
    • Calibrated beam achieved a peak sidelobe ratio of 12.93 dB and a full width at half maximum of 0.110°.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed HPGD method offers a significant speed improvement for phase calibration of large-scale OPAs.
    • The dedicated hardware architecture enables real-time, high-speed calibration.
    • The method is effective for a wide range of OPA sizes, demonstrating scalability.
    • Achieved calibration performance matches simulation results, validating the approach for practical applications.