Prevalence and factors associated with self-reported asthma diagnosis in Makkah Region of Saudi Arabia

Bronchial asthma (BA) is a major public health problem worldwide and represents a significant health burden in Saudi Arabia. The prevalence and risk factors of asthma vary across regions and are influenced by genetic, environmental, occupational, and lifestyle-related factors. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 738 adults residing in the Makkah region of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics and potential risk factors for asthma. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated to assess associations between participant characteristics and self-reported BA. Of the 738 participants, 192 (26.0%) reported having BA. Asthma prevalence differed significantly across cities within the Makkah region (Taif, Makkah, and Jeddah) and among individuals who lived or worked near factories (P < .01). Among asthma patients, 76.6% reported using asthma medications. The most frequently reported environmental and lifestyle exposures included the use of chemicals in cleaning, farming, or hair styling (76.6%), use of air conditioners (73.4%), and use of firewood for heating or cooking (70.3%). Passive smoking was reported by 57.3% of patients, while 46.0% were active smokers. The prevalence of BA among adults in the Makkah region was considerable and varied by geographic location and environmental exposure. Living or working near factories and exposure to indoor and occupational risk factors were associated with asthma. These findings underscore the importance of addressing regional environmental and occupational factors in asthma prevention and management strategies in Saudi Arabia.