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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

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Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry
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Defining Hsp33's Redox-regulated Chaperone Activity and Mapping Conformational Changes on Hsp33 Using Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry

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Antioxidants and Exercise: A Redox-Informed Framework for Training Adaptation, Performance, and Recovery.

Dan Cristian Mănescu1, Andrei Tudor1, Andreea Maria Mănescu1

  • 1Department of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Antioxidants can aid exercise recovery but may hinder training adaptations if misused. Strategic timing and type of antioxidant, like food-first polyphenols, are key for balancing performance and adaptation.

Keywords:
N-acetylcysteineantioxidantsexercisehormesisperformancepolyphenolsrecoveryredox signalingtraining adaptationvitamins C and E

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Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans
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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Nutritional biochemistry
  • Sports science

Background:

  • Exercise-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital for training adaptations.
  • Antioxidant supplements may improve short-term recovery but risk blunting training signals.
  • Mis-timed or excessive antioxidant intake can impair exercise adaptations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of antioxidant strategies on exercise performance and adaptation.
  • To evaluate evidence for different antioxidant classes, doses, and timing.
  • To propose a framework for optimizing antioxidant use in conjunction with training.

Main Methods:

  • Structured narrative review of human intervention studies (2000-2025).
  • Searches of MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases.
  • Analysis of evidence based on antioxidant class, dose, timing, training type, and context.

Main Results:

  • High-dose chronic vitamins C/E near workouts often attenuate redox-sensitive signaling.
  • Food-first polyphenols (e.g., tart cherry, pomegranate) generally support recovery without impairing gains.
  • N-acetylcysteine may improve high-intensity exercise tolerance acutely; chronic effects are context-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Antioxidant use requires careful consideration of timing and type to avoid hindering training adaptations.
  • Redox-Adaptive Periodization is proposed, matching antioxidant strategy to training goals.
  • Further research is needed to refine precision redox management for athletes.