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Mu-Rhythm Phase Modulates Cortical Reactivity to Subthreshold TMS: A TMS-EEG Study.

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The ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) phase significantly impacts brain responses to subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). This finding supports using EEG phase for precise, closed-loop neuromodulation strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology
  • Brain Stimulation

Background:

  • Cortical reactivity is influenced by electroencephalogram (EEG) signal phase.
  • Subthreshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research is limited due to inability to induce motor evoked potentials (MEPs).
  • Investigating phase-dependent responses under subthreshold stimulation is crucial for understanding brain excitability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how ongoing EEG phase influences cortical responses to subthreshold TMS.
  • To characterize these phase-dependent responses using temporal, spatial, and spectral features.
  • To explore the potential of EEG phase for closed-loop neuromodulation.

Main Methods:

  • Combined TMS and EEG in 34 healthy adults.
  • Delivered subthreshold single-pulse TMS at the motor hotspot during 64-channel EEG recording.
  • Estimated and binned mu-phase (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) to assess cortical responses (ITPC, TEPs, GMFP, ERSP).

Main Results:

  • Reliable distinction of four mu-phase bins.
  • Significant phase dependence in subthreshold TMS-EEG responses, including early inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) and TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs).
  • Stronger responses observed at 180° and 270° phases; greatest TMS-induced mu-rhythms at 180°.

Conclusions:

  • EEG phase significantly modulates cortical reactivity even at subthreshold stimulation levels.
  • Mu-phase-based closed-loop TMS is a promising strategy for precise neuromodulation.
  • Findings advance understanding of brain excitability and TMS protocols.